Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in the NHANES 2015–2018

Continuous variables, mean ± SD

Age (years)

50.21 ± 17.32

51.66 ± 16.25

48.79 ± 18.18

< 0.0001

BMI (kg/m2)

29.58 ± 7.09

31.11 ± 7.26

28.10 ± 6.60

< 0.0001

Waist Circumference (cm)

100.58 ± 16.90

104.49 ± 16.65

96.79 ± 16.27

< 0.0001

Income to poverty ratio

2.52 ± 1.60

2.50 ± 1.59

2.53 ± 1.61

0.630

Total Cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.29 ± 1.12

1.40 ± 1.30

1.18 ± 0.89

< 0.0001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.41 ± 0.43

1.35 ± 0.40

1.46 ± 0.45

< 0.0001

LAP, Median (Q1-Q3)

40.25 (21.51–68.26)

48.38 (27.51–78.48)

33.97 (17.36–57.57)

< 0.0001

VAI,Median (Q1-Q3)

1.27 (0.75–2.21)

1.43 (0.86–2.43)

1.15 (0.68–1.96)

< 0.0001

Categorical variables,%

Gender

< 0.0001

Male

48.68

52.79

44.69

Female

51.32

47.21

55.31

Race

0.0190

Mexican American

14.93

16.80

13.11

Other Hispanic

11.57

11.84

11.31

Non-Hispanic White

35.48

34.59

36.34

Non-Hispanic Black

20.80

20.32

21.27

Other Races

17.22

16.44

17.97

Education level

0.044

Less than high school

43.23

44.21

42.29

High school or GED

31.74

32.52

30.98

Above high school

35.33

23.27

26.73

Marital status

Married/Living with a partner

60.89

64.99

56.91

< 0.0001

Living alone

39.11

35.01

43.09

Alcohol drinking

0.065

Yes

17.08

18.28

15.85

No

82.92

81.72

84.15

Smoked at least 100 cigarettes

< 0.0001

Yes

44.05

48.19

40.04

No

55.95

51.81

59.96

Diabetes

< 0.0001

Yes

15.82

18.77

12.96

No

81.43

78.13

84.63

borderline

2.75

3.10

2.40