Table 2 Participants’ baseline characteristics according to RC tertiles

Age, years (%)

< 0.001

< 60

71.90

80.86

69.13

65.81

≥60

28.10

19.14

30.87

34.19

Sex (%)

< 0.001

Male

52.72

45.92

54.09

58.08

Female

47.28

54.08

45.91

41.92

Race (%)

< 0.001

Mexican American

22.53

16.77

22.65

28.12

Other Hispanic

6.00

5.16

5.96

6.88

Non-Hispanic White

46.79

43.59

47.25

49.50

Non-Hispanic Black

20.83

31.29

19.68

11.62

Other

3.84

3.18

4.46

3.88

Marital status (%)

< 0.001

Married or with partner

62.21

58.29

61.47

66.88

Single

37.79

41.71

38.53

33.12

Education level (%)

< 0.001

Less than high school

29.68

25.30

29.87

33.82

High school or GED

23.43

21.69

23.98

24.61

Above high school

46.89

53.01

46.15

41.56

BMI (%)

< 0.001

Normal weight

33.87

48.86

33.27

19.59

Overweight

35.32

29.95

36.48

39.50

Obese

30.81

21.19

30.25

40.91

Vigorous activity (%)

< 0.001

Yes

30.55

35.80

29.91

25.91

No

69.45

64.20

70.09

74.09

Moderate activity (%)

0.110

Yes

47.30

48.94

46.87

46.10

No

52.70

51.06

53.13

53.90

Hypertension (%)

< 0.001

Yes

28.42

19.84

29.96

35.37

No

71.58

80.16

70.04

64.63

Diabetes

< 0.001

Yes

7.83

4.37

7.42

11.72

No

92.17

95.63

92.58

88.28

Smoker status

< 0.001

Current

23.02

20.92

24.34

23.77

Former

24.23

19.68

24.03

28.92

Never

52.76

59.39

51.63

47.31

Alcohol use

< 0.001

Yes

17.07

277 (13.48%)

373 (17.65%)

423 (19.96%)

No

82.93

1778 (86.52%)

1740 (82.35%)

1696 (80.04%)

Steroid use

0.567

Yes

1.05

23 (0.90%)

31 (1.20%)

27 (1.04%)

No

98.95

2543 (99.10%)

2556 (98.80%)

2559 (98.96%)

Statin use

< 0.001

Yes

10.93

172 (6.70%)

288 (11.13%)

386 (14.93%)

No

89.07

2394 (93.30%)

2299 (88.87%)

2200 (85.07%)

PIR

0.229

< 1

17.27

412 (17.38%)

409 (16.87%)

423 (17.55%)

1–3

41.82

950 (40.07%)

1030 (42.49%)

1033 (42.86%)

≥ 3

40.92

1009 (42.56%)

985 (40.64%)

954 (39.59%)

CRP (mg/dL)

0.44 ± 0.86

0.34 ± 0.71

0.48 ± 0.98

0.50 ± 0.87

< 0.001

TC (mmol/L)

5.09 ± 1.05

4.66 ± 0.93

5.12 ± 0.97

5.47 ± 1.08

< 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.37 ± 0.40

1.56 ± 0.42

1.37 ± 0.37

1.18 ± 0.31

< 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.06 ± 0.93

2.76 ± 0.81

3.17 ± 0.89

3.23 ± 1.01

< 0.001

RC (mmol/L)

0.66 ± 0.35

0.34 ± 0.08

0.58 ± 0.08

1.06 ± 0.30

< 0.001

RA (%)

< 0.001

Yes

7.47

5.16

7.88

9.35

No

92.53

94.84

92.12

90.65