Table 1 Characteristics of the male study population

Age (year), n (%)

< 0.001^***

<= 45

886 (27.01)

748 (23.12)

732 (22.09)

599 (17.59)

> 45

2,394 (72.99)

2,487 (76.88)

2,582 (77.92)

2,807 (82.42)

Nationality n (%)

0.452

Han nationality

3,252 (99.15)

3,212 (99.29)

3,296 (99.46)

3,385 (99.38)

non-Han nationality

28 (0.85)

23 (0.71%)

18 (0.54)

21 (0.62)

Marital status, n (%)

0.035^*

Not married

87 (2.65)

103 (3.18)

115 (3.47)

133 (3.91)

Married

3,193 (97.35)

3,132 (96.82)

3,199 (96.53)

3,273 (96.09)

High (m)

1.72 ± 0.06

1.72 ± 0.06

1.72 ± 0.05

1.72 ± 0.05

< 0.001^***

Weight (kg)

78.73 ± 10.43

76.68 ± 9.84

74.89 ± 10.04

71.22 ± 9.74

< 0.001^***

BMI (kg/m²), n (%)

< 0.001^***

<= 24

623 (18.99)

802 (24.79)

1,130 (34.10)

1,666 (48.91)

> 24, <= 28

1,757 (53.57)

1,778 (54.96)

1,641 (49.52)

1,430 (41.99)

> 28

900 (27.44)

655 (20.25)

543 (16.39)

310 (9.10)

DBP (mmHg)

79.02 ± 11.89

78.74 ± 11.70

78.80 ± 11.77

78.21 ± 11.79

0.036^*

SBP (mmHg)

130.84 ± 17.80

131.13 ± 18.04

131.29 ± 18.01

130.79 ± 18.81

0.636

TC (mmol/L)

4.49 ± 1.01

4.72 ± 0.93

4.89 ± 0.95

5.08 ± 0.93

< 0.001^***

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.64 ± 0.75

2.88 ± 0.76

2.96 ± 0.81

2.98 ± 0.81

< 0.001^***

TG (mmol/L)

2.84 ± 2.26

2.00 ± 1.14

1.70 ± 0.89

1.36 ± 0.67

< 0.001^***v

TP (g/L)

71.28 ± 4.38

71.49 ± 4.02

71.49 ± 3.95

71.51 ± 4.04

0.072

Alb (g/L)

45.31 ± 2.77

45.41 ± 2.71

45.47 ± 2.69

45.50 ± 2.76

0.029^*

Hb (g/L)

151.41 ± 11.97

151.47 ± 10.74

151.28 ± 10.74

149.89 ± 10.96

< 0.001^***

Globulin (g/L)

25.97 ± 3.88

26.08 ± 3.43

26.03 ± 3.27

26.01 ± 3.32

0.622

TB (µmol/L)

12.70 ± 5.74

13.39 ± 5.47

13.66 ± 5.49

14.62 ± 5.89

< 0.001^***

Direct bilirubin (umol/L)

3.13 ± 1.40

3.19 ± 1.35

3.18 ± 1.14

3.31 ± 1.23

< 0.001^***

Indirect bilirubin (µmol/L)

9.57 ± 4.78

10.21 ± 4.57

10.49 ± 4.67

11.31 ± 5.01

< 0.001^***

ALT (U/L)

24.00 (17.70-33.93)

22.30 (16.80–31.30)

21.40 (15.90–29.70)

19.35 (14.90–26.40)

< 0.001^***

AST (U/L)

23.16 ± 10.28

23.28 ± 13.68

22.68 ± 8.89

23.09 ± 11.33

0.145

Transglutaminase (U/L)

30.00 (22.20-43.93)

28.70 (20.80–41.80)

27.60 (20.30-42.18)

25.70 (19.00-39.38)

0.173

ALP (U/L)

71.18 ± 18.46

68.87 ± 17.94

67.63 ± 17.97

65.11 ± 17.00

< 0.001^***

FBG (mmol/L)

5.75 ± 1.79

5.56 ± 1.49

5.43 ± 1.30

5.35 ± 1.19

< 0.001^***

Serum potassium (mmol/L)

4.23 ± 0.09

4.23 ± 0.09

4.23 ± 0.09

4.23 ± 0.09

0.961

Serum chlorine (mmol/L)

105.09 ± 0.67

105.09 ± 0.65

105.08 ± 0.66

105.06 ± 0.68

0.235

Serum calcium (mmol/L)

2.34 ± 0.03

2.34 ± 0.02

2.34 ± 0.03

2.34 ± 0.02

0.115

Serum creatinine (umol/L)

74.61 ± 23.21

75.57 ± 30.41

75.31 ± 21.94

75.07 ± 13.99

0.379

UA (umol/L)

384.52 ± 83.62

378.08 ± 82.89

369.78 ± 76.78

356.35 ± 75.96

< 0.001^***

Serum phosphorus (mmol/L)

1.04 ± 0.03

1.04 ± 0.03

1.04 ± 0.02

1.04 ± 0.02

0.091

GH (%)

6.09 ± 1.01

5.98 ± 0.84

5.92 ± 0.74

5.86 ± 0.71

< 0.001***

BMD (mg/cm³)

125.42 ± 34.04

122.50 ± 33.65

121.71 ± 33.74

119.91 ± 34.67

< 0.001***