Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

Age(year)

48.00 ± 18.70

47.99 ± 18.72

48.12 ± 18.16

0.793

Gender (%)

< 0.001

 Male

17,360 (48.52%)

14,421 (51.20%)

668 (59.64%)

 Female

18,416 (51.48%)

13,747 (48.80%)

452 (40.36%)

Race(%)

< 0.001

 Mexican American

4876 (16.65%)

4655 (16.53%)

221 (19.73%)

 Other Hispanic

2819 (9.63%)

2642 (9.38%)

177 (15.80%)

 Non-Hispanic White

12,770 (43.60%)

12,337 (43.80%)

433 (38.66%)

 Non-Hispanic Black

6124 (20.91%)

5915 (21.00%)

209 (18.66%)

 Other Race

2699 (9.22%)

2619 (9.30%)

80 (7.14%)

Marital status(%)

< 0.001

 Married or Living with Partner

16,537 (59.02%)

16,059 (59.59%)

478 (44.67%)

 Widowed, divorced, separated, and never married

11,483 (40.98%)

10,891 (40.41%)

592 (55.33%)

Education level(%)

< 0.001

 Less Than 9th Grade

2919 (10.59%)

2729 (10.30%)

190 (18.08%)

 9-11th Grade

4005 (14.53%)

3783 (14.27%)

222 (21.12%)

 High School Grad/GED or Equivalent

6310 (22.90%)

6070 (22.90%)

240 (22.84%)

 Some College or AA degree

8045 (29.20%)

7771 (29.32%)

274 (26.07%)

 College Graduate or above

6276 (22.78%)

6151 (23.21%)

125 (11.89%)

Body mass index(kg/m²), (%)

< 0.001

 < 25

8767 (30.23%)

8445 (30.27%)

322 (29.30%)

 25 to < 30

9536 (32.88%)

9220 (33.05%)

316 (28.75%)

 ≥ 30

10,697 (36.89%)

10,236 (36.69%)

461 (41.95%)

 Waist circumference(cm)

98.60 ± 16.47

98.52 ± 16.40

100.70 ± 18.06

< 0.001

 Income to poverty ratio

2.49 ± 1.63

2.52 ± 1.63

1.72 ± 1.38

< 0.001

Smoking status(%)

< 0.001

 Yes

12,687 (45.21%)

12,097 (44.82%)

590 (55.09%)

 No

15,375 (54.79%)

14,894 (55.18%)

481 (44.91%)

Diabetes(%)

< 0.001

 Yes

3522 (12.03%)

3317 (11.78%)

205 (18.30%)

 No

25,124 (85.85%)

24,235 (86.10%)

889 (79.38%)

 Borderline

620 (2.12%)

594 (2.11%)

26 (2.32%)

Hypertension(%)

< 0.001

 Yes

10,095 (34.52%)

9618 (34.19%)

477 (42.74%)

 No

19,153 (65.48%)

18,514 (65.81%)

639 (57.26%)

Physical activity(%)

< 0.001

 Inactive

12,151 (48.66%)

11,832 (49.30%)

319 (32.92%)

 active

12,820 (51.34%)

12,170 (50.70%)

650 (67.08%)

Depressive symptom(%)

< 0.001

 Without depression

26,282 (89.74%)

25,947 (92.12%)

335 (29.91%)

 With depression

3006 (10.26%)

2221 (7.88%)

785 (70.09%)

 Dietary cholesterol (mg)

286.16 ± 187.71

286.74 ± 188.01

270.82 ± 178.99

0.003

 TC (mg/dL)

191.91 ± 41.88

191.80 ± 41.73

194.88 ± 45.38

0.065

 HDL-C (mg/dL)

52.74 ± 15.98

52.81 ± 15.98

51.05 ± 15.72

< 0.001

 NHHR

2.93 ± 1.45

2.93 ± 1.45

3.14 ± 1.58

< 0.001