Dietary patterns derived by reduced rank regression are associated with lipid disorders among Korean adults: a cross-sectional analysis

Table 2 Study participants’ characteristics by sex

Variables	Total (n = 19803)	Men (n = 8399)	Women (n = 11404)	P-value¹
Age (years)	41.5 ± 0.1	41.5 ± 0.2	41.4 ± 0.2	0.747
BMI (kg/m²)	23.4 ± 0.03	24.3 ± 0.04	22.7 ± 0.04	< 0.001
Residence
Urban	86.2	85.3	87.0	0.001
Rural	13.8	14.7	13.0
Household income
Low	10.0	9.9	10.1	0.267
Medium–low	24.0	23.6	24.4
Medium–high	31.6	32.3	31.0
High	34.4	34.2	34.5
Education
≤ Elementary school	7.0	6.2	7.8	< 0.001
Middle school	6.3	6.1	6.5
High school	39.2	40.2	38.3
≥ College	47.5	47.6	47.4
Current smoking	21.4	37.8	5.9	< 0.001
Current alcohol consumption	61.8	73.1	51.1	< 0.001
Physical activity	16.9	23.4	10.7	< 0.001
Menopausal status
No			76.3
Yes			23.7
Total energy (kcal)	2071 ± 8.0	2386 ± 11.6	1753 ± 7.6	< 0.001
Carbohydrate (% E)	62.8 ± 0.1	62.2 ± 0.2	63.3 ± 0.1	< 0.001
Protein (% E)	15.3 ± 0.1	15.7 ± 0.1	14.8 ± 0.1	< 0.001
Fat (% E)	22.0 ± 0.1	22.1 ± 0.1	21.9 ± 0.1	0.228
SFA (% E)	6.9 ± 0.03	6.9 ± 0.05	6.9 ± 0.04	0.999
MUFA (% E)	7.0 ± 0.04	7.1 ± 0.1	6.9 ± 0.04	0.017
PUFA (% E)	5.5 ± 0.03	5.5 ± 0.04	5.5 ± 0.03	0.831
Omega-3 FA (% E)	0.8 ± 0.01	0.8 ± 0.01	0.8 ± 0.01	0.005
Omega-6 FA (% E)	4.7 ± 0.02	4.7 ± 0.03	4.7 ± 0.03	0.243
PUFA:SFA	1.0 ± 0.01	1.0 ± 0.01	1.0 ± 0.01	0.019
Elevated total cholesterol²	38.7	40.2	37.3	< 0.001
Elevated LDL-cholesterol³	8.4	11.3	5.8	< 0.001
Low HDL-cholesterol⁴	26.8	22.2	31.1	< 0.001
Elevated triglycerides⁵	24.8	35.8	14.3	< 0.001

Values are presented as the mean ± standard error or %
All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design and appropriate sampling weights
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index., % E percentage of total energy, SFA saturated fatty acids, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, FA fatty acids, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HDL high-density lipoprotein
¹ P-values were obtained from the independent t-test or Rao-Scott chi-square test
² Elevated total cholesterol (≥ 200 mg/dL)
³ Elevated LDL-cholesterol (≥ 130 mg/dL)
⁴ Low HDL-cholesterol (men < 40 mg/dL, women < 50 mg/dL)
⁵ Elevated triglycerides (≥ 150 mg/dL)

ISSN: 1476-511X