Table 1 Description of characteristics of study participants

C-Index

1.30 ± 0.12^a

1.29 ± 0.11

1.31 ± 0.12

 < 0.001

BRI

4.91 ± 1.88

4.53 ± 1.71

5.14 ± 1.94

 < 0.001

VAI

1.21 ± 0.47

1.05 ± 0.42

1.31 ± 0.47

 < 0.001

LAP

31.22 ± 17.91

25.87 ± 15.51

34.58 ± 18.49

 < 0.001

AVI

17.27 ± 4.52

16.53 ± 4.26

17.73 ± 4.62

 < 0.001

PAL

393.90 ± 74.25

394.40 ± 76.37

393.59 ± 72.94

0.825

WWI

11.16 ± 1.08

11.02 ± 0.99

11.24 ± 1.13

 < 0.001

ABSI

0.08 ± 0.01

0.08 ± 0.01

0.08 ± 0.01

0.352

Percent of energy intake from protein

15.45 ± 4.15

15.25 ± 4.09

15.58 ± 4.19

0.175

Percent of energy intake from carbohydrate

52.94 ± 11.26

53.16 ± 11.56

52.80 ± 11.06

0.592

Percent of daily energy intake from fat

34.86 ± 10.10

34.81 ± 10.44

34.90 ± 9.88

0.886

Age

47.36 ± 8.13

47.03 ± 8.34

47.56 ± 7.99

0.181

Anxiety Score

9.57 ± 9.43

9.47 ± 9.22

9.64 ± 9.56

0.715

Depression Score

11.11 ± 8.96

11.08 ± 8.97

11.12 ± 8.96

0.930

BMI

28.05 ± 7.88

29.95 ± 12.72

27.21 ± 4.30

0.371

Glucose

81 (74,90)^b

81 (73,88)

82 (74, 91)

0.002

BMI

 < 0.001

 Underweight (< 18)

38 (2.14%)^c

26 (3.83%)

12 (1.09%)

 Normal (18 – 25)

709 (39.92%)

308 (45.36%)

401 (36.55%)

 Overweight (25 – 30)

662 (37.27%)

233 (34.32%)

429 (39.11%)

 Obese (> 30)

341 (19.20%)

99 (14.58%)

242 (22.03%6)

 Missing

26 (1.46%)

13 (1.91%)

13 (1.19%)

Smoking status

0.949

 Non smoker

1269 (71.45%)

484 (71.25%)

785 (71.56%)

 Ex-smoker

173 (9.74%)

65 (9.57%)

108 (9.85%)

Current smoker

334 (18.81%)

130 (19.15%)

204 (18.60%)

Sex

 < 0.001

 Male

900 (50.68%)

389 (57.29%)

511 (46.58%)

 Female

876 (49.32%)

290 (42.71%)

586 (53.42%)