Impact of baseline and trajectory of the atherogenic index of plasma on incident diabetic kidney disease and retinopathy in participants with type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants according to outcome status

Characteristics	Overall	DKD -	DKD +	P value	Overall	DR -	DR +	P value
N	2943	2234	709		3360	3167	193
Age (year)	55.18 ± 11.69	54.23 ± 11.56	58.17 ± 11.59	< 0.001	55.72 ± 11.59	55.55 ± 11.66	58.42 ± 10.08	< 0.001
Male, n (%)	1775 (60.31%)	1392 (62.31%)	383 (54.02%)	< 0.001	2008 (59.76%)	1881 (59.39%)	127 (65.80%)	0.092
HbA1c (%)	7.70 ± 1.68	7.70 ± 1.70	7.70 ± 1.59	0.974	7.75 ± 1.67	7.71 ± 1.65	8.46 ± 1.76	< 0.001
Diabetes duration (months)	88.72 ± 88.41	83.91 ± 85.48	103.72 ± 95.50	< 0.001	91.26 ± 87.80	87.81 ± 85.71	147.94 ± 101.5	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	25.55 ± 3.87	25.38 ± 3.89	26.07 ± 3.76	< 0.001	25.83 ± 3.92	25.86 ± 3.96	25.34 ± 3.12	0.029
SBP (mmHg)	126.66 ± 16.55	125.31 ± 16.35	130.90 ± 16.49	< 0.001	128.59 ± 17.10	128.37 ± 17.05	132.14 ± 17.65	0.003
DBP (mmHg)	73.65 ± 10.38	73.59 ± 10.19	73.82 ± 10.94	0.626	74.57 ± 10.60	74.61 ± 10.62	74.02 ± 10.32	0.455
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.05 ± 0.97	3.06 ± 0.97	2.99 ± 0.97	0.085	3.05 ± 0.96	3.05 ± 0.96	3.00 ± 0.95	0.470
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.26 ± 0.32	1.26 ± 0.32	1.24 ± 0.31	0.072	1.25 ± 0.31	1.25 ± 0.31	1.27 ± 0.32	0.233
TG (mmol/L)	1.46 (1.03;2.10)	1.44 (1.00;2.09)	1.55 (1.12;2.21)	0.001	1.52 (1.08;2.21)	1.52 (1.08;2.22)	1.53 (1.05;2.10)	0.890
AIP	0.08 (-0.12;0.28)	0.07 (-0.13;0.27)	0.12 (-0.07;0.30)	0.001	0.10 (-0.09;0.30)	0.10 (-0.09;0.30)	0.10 (-0.10;0.29)	0.629
Ideal smoking, n (%)	2236 (77.02%)	1659 (75.44%)	577 (81.96%)	< 0.001	2600 (77.80%)	2455 (77.96%)	145 (75.13%)	0.407
Drinking, n (%)	284 (9.79%)	222 (10.10%)	62 (8.81%)	0.349	321 (9.61%)	295 (9.37%)	26 (13.47%)	0.080

Unimputed data are presented as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%). DR refers to referable DR. Statistical comparisons between the participants who developed outcomes and those who did not were conducted using the Student’s t-test for means, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for medians, or the Chi-square test for proportions. Abbreviations: HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG Triglyceride, AIP atherogenic index of plasma, DKD diabetic kidney disease, DR diabetic retinopathy

ISSN: 1476-511X