Table 1 Clinical features of all participants and features according to TyG index quartiles

Age (years)

44.86 ± 10.07

44.28 ± 10.85

45.64 ± 10.54

46.16 ± 9.89

43.34 ± 9.13

0.674

Sex

0.021

 Male

29.0 (22.66%)

2.0 (6.25%)

6.0 (18.75%)

9.0 (28.12%)

12.0 (37.50%)

 Female

99.0 (77.34%)

30.0 (93.75%)

26.0 (81.25%)

23.0 (71.88%)

20.0 (62.50%)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

30.63 ± 4.95

29.20 ± 4.90

30.81 ± 5.38

31.30 ± 4.70

31.27 ± 4.76

0.300

Waist circumference (cm)

97.44 ± 12.19

92.82 ± 11.14

96.73 ± 14.02

98.21 ± 9.97

102.01 ± 11.94

0.031

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

124.24 ± 14.34

121.88 ± 13.34

123.35 ± 15.03

126.19 ± 12.85

125.42 ± 16.20

0.64

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74.74 ± 10.12

72.80 ± 9.03

74.28 ± 9.49

75.68 ± 8.16

76.13 ± 13.17

0.574

Heart rate (beats/minute)

71.80 ± 10.65

70.87 ± 9.41

74.67 ± 10.96

68.68 ± 11.22

73.03 ± 10.46

0.139

AST (IU/L)

24.00 (11.00–93.00)

22.00 (14.00–46.00)

22.00 (14.00–81.00)

24.50 (15.00–74.00)

27.50 (11.00–93.00)

0.006

ALT (IU/L)

25.00 (4.00–280.00)

18.00 (8.00–64.00)

24.50 (11.00–178.00)

27.00 (4.00–280.00)

30.50 (6.00–231.00)

0.003

GGT (IU/L)

21.50 (7.00–155.00)

12.50 (7.00–30.00)

29.00 (9.00–155.00)

21.50 (10.00–89.00)

26.00 (10.00–141.00)

< 0.001

hsCRP (mg/L)

1.20 (0.10–16.00)

1.00 (0.10–16.00)

1.20 (0.10–15.30)

1.10 (0.20–11.60)

1.20 (0.20–7.70)

0.945

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.49 ± 1.17

4.99 ± 1.09

5.24 ± 0.93

5.69 ± 1.03

6.06 ± 1.32

< 0.001

Insulin (µU/mL)

10.80 (1.10–45.50)

6.70 (1.10–40.60)

11.00 (3.80–31.60)

9.85 (2.90–30.40)

18.25 (4.50–45.50)

< 0.001

HOMA-IR

49.29 (4.20–223.44)

30.51 (4.20–209.32)

48.11 (14.52–133.42)

47.26 (11.21–137.81)

81.44 (20.40–223.44)

< 0.001

Triglyceride

148.32 ± 83.04

75.84 ± 12.42

104.31 ± 12.37

143.66 ± 17.63

269.47 ± 70.96

< 0.001

Glucose

98.84 ± 9.07

95.78 ± 7.67

98.59 ± 9.10

99.19 ± 8.54

101.81 ± 10.16

0.065

TyG Index

8.77 ± 0.51

8.18 ± 0.17

8.53 ± 0.09

8.86 ± 0.11

9.49 ± 0.26

< 0.001

Abdominal visceral fat area (cm²)

64.30 (25.70–137.00)

56.30 (25.70–105.00)

60.50 (33.40–128.00)

66.70 (40.00–106.00)

69.70 (41.60–137.00)

0.043

Abdominal subcutaneous fat area (cm²)

109.00 (42.60–311.00)

115.00 (42.60–297.00)

95.90 (57.20–201.00)

108.00 (52.80–248.00)

125.50 (43.90–311.00)

0.657

Smoking history

0.004

 Yes

12.0 (9.38%)

2.0 (6.25%)

0.0 (0.00%)

2.0 (6.25%)

8.0 (25.00%)

 No

116.0 (90.62%)

30.0 (93.75%)

32.0 (100.00%)

30.0 (93.75%)

24.0 (75.00%)

Alcohol consumption

0.200

 Yes

27.0 (21.09%)

7.0 (21.88%)

3.0 (9.38%)

7.0 (21.88%)

10.0 (31.25%)

 No

101.0 (78.91%)

25.0 (78.12%)

29.0 (90.62%)

25.0 (78.12%)

22.0 (68.75%)

Hypertension

0.924

 Yes

24.0 (33.33%)

6.0 (28.57%)

5.0 (31.25%)

6.0 (37.50%)

7.0 (36.84%)

 No

48.0 (66.67%)

15.0 (71.43%)

11.0 (68.75%)

10.0 (62.50%)

12.0 (63.16%)

Framingham risk score

3.53 (1.00–18.55)

2.41 (1.00–10.04)

3.09 (1.03–13.05)

4.02 (1.25–13.58)

5.16 (1.40–18.55)

0.011