Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Lee et al. [22]

2007

27/26

Germany/ Subjects with mild hypertension

BMI: 28.5 ± 4.2, 27.2 ± 4.0

Both

14/13, 16/10

No

Whey peptides supplemented milk drink

NR

Placebo product: Non-supplemented milk drink

12

30–65

FPG

Insulin

HOMA-IR

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

No significant change in FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C between groups.

Frestedt et al. [23]

2008

31/28

USA/ Obese subjects on energy reduction

BMI: 35.7 ± 0.7, 35.4 ± 0.7

Both

NR

No

20 g/d WP and peptides from a specialized supplement (Prolibra™)

Intact + peptides

CHO supplementation: beverage containing maltodextrin

12

25–50

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

TC decreased in intervention group, but no significant change in TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C between groups

Kasim-Karakas et al. [24]

2009

11/13

California/ Overweight or obese women with PCOs on energy reduction

BMI: 38.9 ± 2.1, 35.4 ± 1.2

F

No

Sugar-free WP providing 240 kcal

Isolate

CHO supplementation: glucose plus maltose and providing 240 kcal

8

18–45

FPG,

Insulin

HOMA-IR

HbA1c

TG

TC

HDL-C

TC and HDL-C decreased significantly. No significant change in FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR and TG between groups.

Denysschen et al. [25]

2009

9/9

USA/ Overweight men

BMI: 28.5 ± 2.3, 27.9 ± 1.44

M

Yes

26.6 g/d WP

NR

CHO supplementation: 25 g/d complex carbohydrate

12

21–50

TG

TC

HDL-C

TC/HDL-C ratio

TC decreased in both groups, but no significant change in TG, TC, HDL-C and TC/HDL-C ratio between groups

Claessens et al. [26]

2009

18/16

Netherlands/ Overweight or obese subjects

BMI: 33.4 ± 4.2, 32.4 ± 4.8

Both

6/12, 6/10

No

50 g/d WP

NR

CHO supplementation: 50 g/d maltodextrin

12

30–60

FPG

Insulin

HOMA-IR

HbA1c

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

TC, HDL-C and LDL-C decreased in both groups.

Pal et al. [10]

2010

25/25

Australia/ Overweight or obese subjects

BMI: 32.0 ± 4.0, 30.6 ± 4.5

Both

NR

No

54 g/d WP

Isolate

CHO supplementation: 54 g/d glucose

12

18–65

FPG

Insulin

HOMA-IR

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

Insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, TC and LDL-C decreased significantly, but no significant change in FPG.

Sheikholeslami Vatani and Ahmadi Kani Golzar [27]

2012

9/10

Iran/ Overweight young men

BMI: 26.5 ± 1.2, 27.2 ± 1.6

M

Yes

90 g/d WP

Isolate

Placebo product:

90 g/d placebo

6

23 ± 2, 21 ± 1

FPG

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

LDL-C and TG decreased in both groups and TC decreased in intervention group and HDL-C increased in intervention group, but No significant change between groups.

Petyaev et al. [28] (a)

2012

10/5

Russia/ Subject with prehypertension

BMI: 25.9 ± 2.8, 26.8 ± 5.7

Both

6/4, 3/2

No

70 mg/d WP

Isolate

Placebo product:

Placebo pills

4

45–73

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

No significant changes in both groups.

Petyaev et al. [28] (b)

2012

10/5

Russia/ Subject with prehypertension

BMI: 27.2 ± 3.4, 26.8 ± 5.7

Both

5/5, 2/3

No

70 mg/d WP + 7 mg/d lycopene

Isolate

Placebo product:

Placebo pills

4

45–73

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

TG, TC and LDL-C significantly reduced and HDL-C significantly increased in intervention group.

Tovar et al. [29]

2012

44/44

sex

Sweden/ Overweight and obese subjects

BMI: 28.5 ± 2

Both

8/36

No

4.3 g/d WP powder as an ingredient in a multifunctional diet

NR

Non-intervention control:

control diet

4

50–73

FPG

Insulin

HOMA-IR

HbA1c

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

FPG significantly increased and insulin, HbA1c, TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C significantly decreased in intervention group. Between group changes were significant for HbA1c, TG, TC and LDL-C

Ormsbee et al. [30]

2015

13/10

USA/Sedentary overweight/obese women

BMI: 34.4 ± 4.7, 33.1 ± 5.4

F

Yes

3 days weekly

30 g/d WP powder

Isolate + concentrate

CHO supplementation:

34 g/d maltodextrin powder

4

18–45

FPG

Insulin

HOMA-IR

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

No significant changes in both groups.

Fekete et al. [31]

2016

38/38

Both sex

United Kingdom/ Subjects with prehypertension and mild HTN

BMI: 27.1 ± 4.93

Both

20/18, 20/18

No

56 g/d WP

Isolate

CHO supplementation: 54 g/d maltodextrin

8

30–77

FPG

Insulin

HOMA-IR

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

TC/HDL-C ratio

TG and TC significantly decreased compared control group.

Tovar et al. [32]

2016

23/24

Sweden/ Overweight and obese subjects

BMI: 28.00 ± 0.09, 27.7 ± 2.44

Both

3/20, 9/15

No

4.3 g/d WP powder as an ingredient in a multifunctional diet

NR

Non-intervention control:

control diet

8

51–72

FPG

Insulin

HOMA-IR

HbA1c

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

TC and LDL-C significantly decreased compared control group.

Jakubowicz et al. [33]

2017

17/15

Venezuela/ T2DM

BMI: 32.2 ± 0.87, 32.1 ± 1.27

Both

NR

No

Breakfast containing 28 g/d WP

80% concentrate

CHO supplementation: high-carbohydrate breakfast containing 17 g protein from various sources

12

59 ± 4.84

FPG HbA1c

FPG and HbA1c significantly decreased in both groups and between group changes were significant compared control.

Lopes Gomes et al. [34]

2017

15/15

Brazil/ Women who regained at after a Roux-en-Y

gastric bypass on energy reduction

BMI: 36 ± 6, 35 ± 4

F

No

WP at a dosage of 0.5 g/kg of ideal body weight

Concentrate

Non-intervention control: hypocaloric diet with normal protein

16

≥18

FPG

HOMA-IR

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

TC, LDL-C and HDL-C significantly decreased in both groups

Kjølbæk et al. [35] (a)

2017

39/19

Denmark/ Overweight and obese subjects on weight maintenance period after a weight loss period

BMI: 33.2 ± 3.31

Both

NR

No

45 g/d WP powder

High a-lactalbumin

CHO supplementation:

48 g/d maltodextrin powder

24

18–60

FPG

Insulin

HOMA-IR

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

No significant changes compared control.

Kjølbæk et al. [35] (b)

2017

38/19

Denmark/ Overweight and obese subjects on weight maintenance period after a weight loss period

BMI: 33.2 ± 3.31

Both

NR

No

45 g/d WP powder

High a-lactalbumin

CHO supplementation:

48 g/d maltodextrin powder

24

18–60

FPG

Insulin

HOMA-IR

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

No significant changes compared control.

Watson et al. [36]

2018

37/42

New Zealand/ T2DM

BMI: 30.3 ± 5.5, 29.7 ± 4.5

Both

23/14, 21/21

No

Shake containing 34 g/d WP + 10 g/d guar

Concentrate

Placebo product: shake with 20 ml/d of a liquid raspberry

12

18–75

HbA1c

HbA1c significantly decreased compared control.

Kemmler et al. [37]

2018

33/34

Germany/ Older men with sarcopenic obesity

BMI: 26.3 ± 2.5, 26.0 ± 2.5

M

No

WP supplement in order to realize a total daily protein amount of 1.7–1.8 g/kg body mass

Isolate

Non-intervention control

16

≥70

TG

TC/HDL-C ratio

TC/HDL-C ratio significantly decreased in intervention group and was differed from control. No significant changes in TG.

Gaffney et al. [38]

2018

12/12

New Zealand/ T2DM men

BMI: 29.6 ± 2.7, 30.1 ± 4.9

M

Yes

4–5 days weekly

Beverage containing WP 40 g/each exercise session

Isolate

CHO supplementation: beverage containing carbohydrate 60 g/each exercise session

10

53.5 ± 5.6,

57.8 ± 5.2

FPG

HOMA-IR

FPG and HOMA-IR decreased in intervention group, but changes were not significant compared control.

Larsen et al. [39]

2018

14/15

Denmark/ Overweight and obese subjects on energy reduction

BMI: 34.9 ± 5.12, 35.1 ± 5.71

Both

NR

Yes

5 days weekly

0.4 g/kg WP supplement

Isolate

Non-intervention control:

no supplementation

4

21–55

FPG

Insulin

TC

FPG significantly decreased in control group. Insulin and TC significantly decreased in both group with no significant between group changes.

Mohammadi-Sartang et al. [9]

2018

44/43

Iran/ Overweight/obese subjects with metabolic syndrome (BMI: 25–34.9) on energy reduction

BMI: 30.1 ± 2.6, 30.8 ± 2.2

Both

17/27, 17/26

No

Fortified yogurt containing 10 g/d WP, 1000 mg calcium, and 1000 IU vitamin D

NR

Placebo product: low-fat conventional yogurt

10

20–65

FPG

Insulin

HOMA-IR

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

HOMA-IR and TG significantly decreased and HDL-C significantly increased in both groups and between group changes were significant compared control.

Yang et al. [40] (a)

2019

12/12

China/ Overweight subjects with prehypertension and mild HTN

BMI: NR

Both

NR

No

30 g/d WP powder

concentrate

CHO supplementation: 30 g/d maltodextrin powder

12

≥18

FPG

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

No significant changes compared control.

Yang et al. [40] (b)

2019

15/15

China/ Normal weight subjects with prehypertension and mild HTN

BMI: NR

Both

NR

No

30 g/d WP powder

concentrate

CHO supplementation: 30 g/d maltodextrin powder

12

≥18

FPG

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

No significant change compared control.

Rakvaag et al. [41] (a)

2019

15/16

Denmark/Subjects with abdominal obesity

BMI: 28.4 ± 4.1, 30.3 ± 4.5

Both

9/6, 8/8

No

60 g/d whey protein + low fiber product

Hydrolysate

CHO supplementation: 60 g/d maltodextrin + low fiber product

12

≥40

FPG

Insulin

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

TG and TC significantly decreased in intervention group. HDL-C significantly increased in intervention group.

Rakvaag et al. [41] (b)

2019

17/17

Denmark/Subjects with abdominal obesity

BMI: 29.6 ± 2.3, 29.1 ± 3.6

Both

7/10, 7/10

No

60 g/d whey protein + high fiber product

Hydrolysate

CHO supplementation: 60 g/d maltodextrin + high fiber product

12

≥40

FPG

Insulin

TG

TC

HDL-C

LDL-C

FPG significantly increased in intervention group. TC, LDL-C and HDL-C significantly increased in control group.