Table 2 Characteristics of study sample across HDL-C quartiles and trend analysis
Characteristics | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 139 | 133 | 126 | 126 | |
Female, % | 64.7 | 48.1 | 40.5 | 38.1 | < 0.001 |
Age (years) | 62 (56–71) | 61 (55–69) | 63 (53–72) | 63 (54–70) | 0.882 |
SBP (mmHg) | 135 (122–150) | 130 (12–145) | 138 (128–151) | 140 (123–155) | 0.101 |
DBP (mmHg) | 80 (75–90) | 80 (75–90) | 80 (78–90) | 80 (75–90) | 0.706 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.2 (3.4–4.9) | 4.6 (4.0–5.5) | 4.9 (4.2–5.4) | 5.1 (4.3–5.9) | < 0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.1–2.5) | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.9) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | < 0.001 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.85 (0.80–0.90) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 1.17 (1.13–1.22) | 1.44 (1.33–1.58) | < 0.001 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.4 (1.9–2.9) | 2.7 (2.1–3.3) | 2.7 (2.3–3.3) | 2.9 (2.3–3.5) | < 0.001 |
Cr (umol/L) | 88 (79–100) | 83 (75–95) | 84 (74–94) | 84 (74–93) | 0.012 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 26.7 (24.9–29.2) | 26.0 (24.3–28.6) | 26.1 (24.1–28.1) | 24.8 (22.6–27.3) | < 0.001 |
WC (cm) | 99 (92–107) | 97 (92–105) | 95 (89–102) | 94 (86–100) | < 0.001 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 10 (5–16) | 10 (5–16) | 10 (6–15) | 10 (5–15) | 0.525 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.9 (7.7–10.8) | 8.6 (7.2–10.2) | 8.5 (7.5–10.2) | 8.8 (7.6–10.1) | 0.299 |
FPG (mmol/mol) | 73.8 (48.6–86.9) | 58.5 (45.4–77.0) | 61.7 (50.8–77.0) | 50.8 (38.8–69.4) | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 274.2 (157.3–384.9) | 199.3 (128.0–341.4) | 214.7 (122.4–299.0) | 140.1 (80.9–232.7) | < 0.001 |
HOMA-B | 3011.5 (2053.9–4469.8) | 3086.7 (2053.4–4816.6) | 2755.3 (1864.0–4361.6) | 2605.2 (1639.0–4278.2) | 0.012 |
Fasting C peptide (ng/ml) | 2.1 (1.5–2.8) | 1.9 (1.2–2.7) | 1.8 (1.1–2.4) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | < 0.001 |
Smoking (%) | 31.7 | 24.1 | 20.6 | 19 | 0.012 |
Drinking (%) | 15.1 | 24.1 | 15.9 | 9.5 | 0.333 |
Diabetic retinopathy (%) | 31.6 | 37.2 | 33.3 | 30.4 | 0.262 |
Diabetes medications (%) | |||||
Metformin | 61.2 | 57.9 | 55.2 | 53.2 | 0.167 |
Sulfonylureas | 26.6 | 21.8 | 27.2 | 17.5 | 0.182 |
Thiazolidinediones | 12.9 | 15.0 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 0.815 |
Acarbose | 59.7 | 69.9 | 72.0 | 72.2 | 0.027 |
Exenatide | 1.4 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.281 |
Saxagliptin | 2.9 | 4.5 | 3.2 | 6.3 | 0.246 |
Insulin | 77.7 | 79.7 | 72.8 | 81.0 | 0.867 |
Antihypertensive medications (%) | |||||
ACE inhibitor | 46.8 | 44.4 | 49.6 | 38.1 | 0.291 |
β-Blocker | 23.7 | 21.1 | 14.4 | 13.5 | 0.013 |
Calcium channel blockers | 23.7 | 28.6 | 25.6 | 27.0 | 0.680 |
Lipid-lowing medications (%) | |||||
Statins | 52.5 | 44.4 | 53.6 | 41.3 | 0.207 |
Fibrates | 3.6 | 4.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 0.413 |
UAER (ug/min) | 9.4 (6.0–27.2) | 7.9 (5.3–22.3) | 9.2 (5.6–25.3) | 6.4 (4.5–13.6) | < 0.001 |
Microalbuminuria (%) | 33.1 | 28.6 | 29.4 | 13.5 | 0.001 |