Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the participants

Age (years)

15.0 ± 0.0

15.1 ± 0.2

Male (%)^b

53.3 (1.1)

67.3 (4.5)

BMI (kg/m²)

21.0 ± 0.1

21.7 ± 0.5

Waist circumference (cm)

70.8 ± 0.2

73.3 ± 1.3

Systolic BP (mmHg)

107.2 ± 0.3

108.9 ± 1.2

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

67.9 ± 0.2

69.7 ± 1.0

Smoker, ever (%)

18.6 (0.9)

15.0 (4.4)

Drinking, mild to moderate (%)

28.1 (1.1)

20.3 (4.3)

Regular exercise (%)

29.8 (1.0)

32.8 (5.4)

Income, lowest quartile (%)

15.0 (1.1)

9.7 (3.4)

Rural area (%)^b

17.4 (2.0)

9.2 (3.0)

Sleep duration (hours)

7.2 ± 0.0

7.1 ± 0.2

Energy intake (kcal)^b

2104.6 ± 22.4

2306.0 ± 83.5

Fat intake (%)^b

22.5 ± 0.2

20.7 ± 0.7

TC (mg/dL)

155.5 ± 0.7

160.5 ± 3.6

TG (mg/dL)^c

74.1 (72.3–76.1)

83.5 (73.7–94.5)

HDL-C (mg/dL)

53.1 ± 0.3

51.1 ± 1.0

LDL-C (mg/dL)

85.6 ± 0.6

89.9 ± 2.9

NHDL-C (mg/dL)^b

102.4 ± 0.7

109.4 ± 3.5

TC/HDL-C^b

3.0 ± 0.0

3.2 ± 0.1

LDL-C/HDL-C^b

1.7 ± 0.0

1.8 ± 0.1

White blood cells (1000/uL)^c

6 (6–6.1)

6.2 (5.8–6.6)

Ferritin (ng/mL)^c

32.4 (31.1–33.7)

36.3 (31.6–41.7)