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Table 2 Effects of bitter gourd on blood parameters in comparison to control in normal rats (Study I)

From: Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of different parts and formulations of bitter gourd (Momordica Charantia)

 

Control diet (D0)

Skin

Flesh

Whole fruit

 

150 mg/kg (D1)

300 mg/kg (D2)

150 mg/kg (D3)

300 mg/kg (D4)

150 mg/kg (D5)

300 mg/kg (D6)

Glucose (mg/dL)

0 day

88.23 ± 1.14abc

89.67 ± 2.18ab

88.97 ± 3.29abc

90.97 ± 2.17a

89.03 ± 1.85abc

89.17 ± 2.40abc

89.93 ± 2.49ab

28 day

89.90 ± 2.55ab

88.73 ± 1.27abc

88.03 ± 1.36abc

89.63 ± 2.85ab

88.10 ± 1.97abc

88.00 ± 4.23abc

87.80 ± 2.08abc

56 day

90.37 ± 1.22a

88.60 ± 2.25abc

88.03 ± 0.51abc

87.47 ± 1.21abc

86.73 ± 1.86bc

86.73 ± 1.65bc

86.07 ± 1.23c

Insulin (μIU/mL)

0 day

9.67 ± 0.32abc

9.37 ± 0.21abcde

9.53 ± 0.25abcde

9.57 ± 0.23abcde

9.70 ± 0.35ab

9.30 ± 0.10abcde

9.60 ± 0.36abcd

28 day

9.17 ± 0.06bcde

9.17 ± 0.61bcde

9.20 ± 0.56bcde

9.50 ± 0.10abcde

9.30 ± 0.40abcde

9.00 ± 0.36e

9.37 ± 0.31abcde

56 day

9.03 ± 0.31de

9.10 ± 0.36cde

9.33 ± 0.32abcde

9.07 ± 0.35de

9.37 ± 0.15abcde

9.13 ± 0.25bcde

9.87 ± 0.76a

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

0 day

78.63 ± 1.95bcd

79.70 ± 1.42bc

79.53 ± 1.88bc

79.60 ± 3.24bc

78.47 ± 1.48bcd

80.27 ± 0.95b

79.60 ± 2.34bc

28 day

84.13 ± 0.67a

78.13 ± 0.70bcd

76.37 ± 0.87defg

77.27 ± 1.96cdef

75.17 ± 1.98efg

78.37 ± 2.12bcd

75.93 ± 1.70defg

56 day

85.83 ± 0.35a

77.13 ± 1.19cdef

74.60 ± 0.98fg

75.17 ± 2.22efg

74.00 ± 0.95g

75.90 ± 2.56defg

74.67 ± 1.58fg

LDL (mg/dL)

0 day

29.87 ± 2.06ab

29.93 ± 2.28ab

29.63 ± 3.14ab

28.63 ± 1.21ab

29.80 ± 2.09ab

31.03 ± 2.56a

29.07 ± 2.15ab

28 day

29.97 ± 2.39ab

29.50 ± 2.46ab

29.77 ± 1.40ab

29.33 ± 1.79ab

28.60 ± 1.47ab

27.60 ± 1.15bc

27.27 ± 1.30bc

56 day

29.10 ± 1.51ab

29.00 ± 1.81ab

28.07 ± 3.07ab

28.77 ± 2.06ab

27.90 ± 1.92abc

27.97 ± 1.72ab

27.93 ± 1.55abc

HDL (mg/dL)

0 day

33.83 ± 1.80g

34.07 ± 0.71fg

35.23 ± 2.32efg

34.77 ± 1.71efg

35.03 ± 1.64efg

33.43 ± 1.17g

34.20 ± 1.93efg

28 day

37.30 ± 2.29def

37.53 ± 1.27cde

39.07 ± 2.05bcd

40.87 ± 1.56abc

41.73 ± 1.75ab

40.53 ± 2.18abcd

41.13 ± 2.04ab

56 day

38.80 ± 3.17bcd

40.23 ± 1.65abcd

41.90 ± 2.76ab

41.23 ± 2.90ab

42.63 ± 1.55a

42.73 ± 1.57a

42.77 ± 2.70a

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

0 day

68.43 ± 0.71

67.77 ± 2.29

67.60 ± 0.89

67.80 ± 2.00

68.37 ± 1.65

67.87 ± 1.19

67.37 ± 1.50

28 day

68.20 ± 1.40

67.37 ± 1.43

66.60 ± 1.07

67.53 ± 0.87

67.50 ± 2.12

67.43 ± 3.31

67.03 ± 3.25

56 day

68.33 ± 3.26

68.10 ± 1.37

67.63 ± 1.59

67.23 ± 1.71

66.13 ± 2.64

66.73 ± 2.84

66.03 ± 3.16

ALP (IU/L)

0 day

165.20 ± 3.73

165.77 ± 6.55

164.47 ± 3.84

164.57 ± 7.40

164.83 ± 3.45

164.83 ± 2.60

163.77 ± 7.40

28 day

163.83 ± 2.76

162.73 ± 1.94

161.67 ± 2.31

163.10 ± 6.58

162.30 ± 1.61

163.27 ± 3.48

162.10 ± 2.76

56 day

164.87 ± 3.35

163.17 ± 4.43

163.33 ± 2.08

163.47 ± 3.09

162.10 ± 2.31

163.13 ± 4.44

162. 43 ± 1.46

ALT (IU/L)

0 day

42.53 ± 1.90ab

42.90 ± 1.35a

41.37 ± 0.93abcde

42.00 ± 1.15abcd

42.07 ± 1.23abc

42.93 ± 2.38a

42.60 ± 1.21ab

28 day

42.90 ± 1.37a

41.47 ± 0.49abcde

41.40 ± 0.87abcde

41.37 ± 0.93abcde

41.40 ± 2.18abcde

40.87 ± 0.85abcde

39.83 ± 0.81cde

56 day

42.70 ± 2.23ab

41.37 ± 0.99abcde

41.27 ± 0.91abcde

40.20 ± 1.06bcde

39.87 ± 0.38cde

39.60 ± 2.16de

39.37 ± 2.40e

AST (IU/L)

0 day

136.63 ± 2.87abc

137.40 ± 0.89abc

137.57 ± 1.70ab

136.37 ± 2.08abc

136.30 ± 1.35abc

136.30 ± 2.38abc

135.77 ± 1.42abc

28 day

136.40 ± 2.26abc

135.43 ± 1.89abc

135.37 ± 0.85abc

135.20 ± 1.54abc

135.17 ± 0.40bc

135.20 ± 1.00abc

135.13 ± 1.07bc

56 day

137.67 ± 1.20a

136.40 ± 0.56abc

135.13 ± 1.24bc

135.10 ± 1.54bc

135.08 ± 1.03c

135.10 ± 1.13bc

135.07 ± 1.95c

Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

0 day

0.70 ± 0.02

0.72 ± 0.02

0.70 ± 0.02

0.71 ± 0.02

0.70 ± 0.03

0.72 ± 0.02

0.71 ± 0.02

28 day

0.73 ± 0.05

0.71 ± 0.02

0.70 ± 0.03

0.70 ± 0.02

0.71 ± 0.02

0.70 ± 0.04

0.69 ± 0.02

56 day

0.74 ± 0.03

0.69 ± 0.01

0.69 ± 0.01

0.69 ± 0.02

0.68 ± 0.03

0.69 ± 0.01

0.69 ± 0.01

Serum urea (mg/dL)

0 day

26.47 ± 0.60abc

27.33 ± 1.00ab

27.63 ± 0.81a

26.10 ± 0.62bcd

26.57 ± 0.57abc

26.53 ± 0.87abc

27.53 ± 0.49a

28 day

27.50 ± 1.06a

25.71 ± 0.45cde

25.71 ± 0.45cdef

24.94 ± 0.87defg

24.44 ± 0.55efg

25.04 ± 0.22defg

24.21 ± 0.86fghi

56 day

27.57 ± 1.12a

24.67 ± 1.45efg

23.04 ± 0.82i

24.08 ± 0.78ghi

24.04 ± 0.70ghi

23.24 ± 0.41hi

23.00 ± 0.38i

  1. Values are Mean ± SD of 3 independent determinations; different letters in a row represent significant differences (p < 0.05)