Fig. 11

Treatment with NC, GPR41, and 109A siRNA and detection of the expression of GPR41 and 109A RNA in 3T3-L1 cells (a). Effect of butyrate, PGE2, and NC, GPR41, and 109A siRNA treatment on lipolysis assayed in TNF-α–stimulated 3T3-L1 cells after 24 h. Concentrations of FFAs (b) and free glycerol (c) in the medium were determined using an assay kit. As the control, the concentrations of FFAs and free glycerol were determined in the medium of untreated 3T3-L1 cells. The effects of butyrate, PGE2, and NC, GPR41, and 109A siRNA treatment on cAMP accumulation in TNF-α–stimulated 3T3-L1 cells after 24 h (d). The concentration of intracellular cAMP was measured using an assay kit. As the control, the concentration of intracellular cAMP was determined in untreated 3T3-L1 cells. Values from five independent experiments are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 versus TNF-α–stimulated 3T3-L1 cells, as determined by ANOVA and the Tukey-Kramer test; and ^# p < 0.05 and ^## p < 0.01 versus TNF-α–stimulated 3T3-L1 cells treated with butyrate (0.5 mmol/L), as determined by ANOVA and the Tukey-Kramer test; ^† p < 0.05 for TNF-α–stimulated 3T3-L1 cells treated with GPR41 siRNA and butyrate (+) versus 3T3-L1 cells treated with GPR109A siRNA and butyrate (+), as determined by paired t-test